A ship cannon found off Marstrand has been dated by researchers to the 14th century. This means it could be the oldest artillery piece so far found in Europe.
In an interdisciplinary study published in the English maritime historical journal The Mariner’s Mirror, Swedish, German, and British researchers have examined a ship cannon discovered in 2001 off Marstrand.
The reason they believe it is a ship cannon, rather than a transported cannon, is because it still had remnants of a charge left in the powder chamber when found. In other words, it was loaded and ready for use. It is also thanks to these remaining charges that they have been able to date the ship cannon to the 14th century.
– The results show that the Marstrand cannon is very likely from the 14th century, making it one of the absolute oldest artillery pieces found in Europe,says Staffan von Arbin, marine archaeologist at the University of Gothenburg, who led the study.
Researchers have documented the find, located at a depth of 20 meters by sport divers, using among other things 3D scanning. Further, they have conducted a chemical analysis showing that it is made of copper alloy and contains about 14 percent lead and only smaller amounts of tin. According to researchers, this was not optimal for casting cannons, and they therefore suggest it probably broke and was repaired.
– It’s clear that the person who cast the cannon did not have the necessary knowledge and understanding of different copper alloys’ properties, says von Arbin.
The next step is to try to locate the ship to which the Marstrand cannon belonged. The ship is likely heavily decayed, say researchers, but they believe it should still be possible to find wreckage.
Carlsten is a 17th-century stone fortress on Marstrand island. Artist unknown.
Marstrand is a picturesque seaside locality on the western coast of Sweden, known for its stunning archipelago and rich maritime history. One of its most iconic landmarks is Carlsten Fortress, a 17th-century stone fortress that offers panoramic views of the area. The locality is a hub for boating and sailing activities, and it has historically been an important trading port.
Marsrand is a popular tourist destination, particularly in the summer, offering a range of activities from kayaking to hiking in nearby nature reserves. Marstrand is easily accessible from major cities like Gothenburg, making it a convenient getaway for both locals and tourists.
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Midsummer is an ancient Nordic tradition that is still very much alive today, particularly in Sweden. Throughout history, there has been a perception that this time of year holds a special kind of magic, that the veil to the supraphysical world is thinner than at other times of the year. Over the years, this special day has been celebrated in a variety of innovative ways.
Midsummer marks the definitive arrival of summer. It means exactly what it sounds like, “in the middle of summer,” and the word already existed in Old Swedish as miþsumar. The holiday is celebrated in connection with the summer solstice, which is the time of year when the sun is at its highest point in the northern hemisphere. Midsummer Eve is always celebrated on a Friday.
This article was first published on June 21, 2024.
In northern Europe, midsummer has long been celebrated in conjunction with the Christian holiday of John the Baptist, which is also the reason why Saturday has become a public holiday. In Finland this holiday is primarily called Juhannus, in reference to John the Baptist. Denmark and Norway also celebrate John the Baptist’s evening by lighting bonfires and playing games. John the Baptist’s Day is also celebrated to some extent in Germany, but generally the summer solstice celebrations in the rest of Europe are fairly limited.
Ancient roots
It is not clear for how long Midsummer has been celebrated, as it seems to date back to prehistoric times, but it is definitely known that it has been celebrated in the Nordic countries at least since the Middle Ages.
However, very little is known about how Midsummer was celebrated in the Middle Ages. There are hints that the celebration was related to fertility and some older sources that show that there was ritual beer drinking and also blot – ritual animal sacrifice – during the Viking Age.
Photo: Håkan Dahlström/CC BY 2.0
Summer cleaning and little frogs
From around the middle of the 19th century, there is more clear evidence of how the celebrations were carried out in Sweden.. One important step was to clean the entire house, then dress the house both inside and outside with flowers and leaves from birch trees, among other things. The festive locations were also decorated with leaves, as were the wagons in which people traveled. Outside the house, leaf bushes were placed, which the farmers could also sell to the townspeople.
The midsummer pole has its origins in the May Day celebrations when a so-called maypole is erected in Germany and other parts of the world. The tradition probably came from Germany to Sweden in the Middle Ages, but since the Nordic countries rarely have time to start greening during May, this tradition was moved to the Midsummer celebrations. There is a widespread belief that the midsummer pole is dedicated to fertility and thus may represent some kind of phallic symbol, although there is no confirmation of this from known historical sources.
The midsummer pole has had different designs over the years, but during the 20th century the appearance was standardized and the midsummer poles became increasingly similar all over the country. Dancing around the midsummer pole has probably existed since at least the 19th century, says Jonas Engman, curator at the Nordic Museum.
– But the dance with songs took off in the 1920s. This era saw the publication of songbooks with melodies and lyrics associated with holiday celebrations.
Perhaps the most classic Swedish midsummer song – Små grodorna (the little frogs) – has been traced to a military march from the French Revolution called La Chanson de l’Oignon, or The Onion Song. This song was turned into a taunt by English soldiers, replacing the word camarade (comrade) with grenouille (frog). It is unclear when or how the song came to Sweden, but it is known that it has existed for a long time at Nääs Castle in Västergötland in connection with courses in handicrafts and games, where The little frogs was a game taught there and printed in the singing games book Sånglekar från Nääs in 1922. The singing of The little frogs is typically associated with jumping around the midsummer pole in a frog-like manner.
Food
What people used to eat around Midsummer depended on where they were in the country. Different types of fish, but also pork and other meat have all been part of the feast in different places. White porridge, that is, porridge cooked with milk and often also with wheat flour, is a dish that was common as a festive meal in various places. A Swedish filbunke, or viili in Finnish, is a fermented milk dish similar to yogurt or kefir which also used to be a common feature of the midsummer feast.
In modern times, herring and new potatoes constitute the core of the menu, along with the classic strawberries. Spirits of various kinds are just as essential – together with a good snapsvisa, of course! A snapsvisa is a traditional Scandinavian drinking song, often with comical lyrics.
Photo: Magnus D/CC BY 2.0
Midsummer magic
It has long been thought that the boundaries to the supraphysical reality were thinner during Midsummer. Everything that grew was considered to be charged with magical powers, especially during this time. It was therefore common, for example, to tie a wreath during Midsummer and save it. For the same reason, there was also a belief that one could regain energy during the winter by placing a dried midsummer wreath in the annual Christmas bath.
Midsummer dew, in particular, was considered to have special powers and it was not uncommon to roll around naked in it, or to collect the dew in sheets, for example, because it was thought to improve health. Drinking from springs was also common during Midsummer, which was considered beneficial to the body and mind. However, all activities involving any kind of magical aspects would be done in silence, so as not to break their mystical effect.
Keeping silent at certain special places could also bring visions of the future. For example, it was common to walk the so-called årsgång (year walk), which could involve walking counter-clockwise around a church or other holy place on an empty stomach.
– If the ‘yearwalker’ completed the entire ritual, on the way home he would experience sights or sounds that told him about events in the coming year, says Tora Wall, folklorist at the Nordic Museum.
Night of love
Midsummer has long been associated primarily with love. Many young women in Sweden still pick their seven or nine flowers and put them under their pillow to find out who they are going to marry.
“The Midsummer night is not long but sets seven and seventy cradles in motion” is an old Swedish rhyme.
Another way to predict one’s future partner was to eat a dream porridge made of flour, water and a lot of salt. The person who came later in the dream and gave you a drink to quench your thirst was your future partner. The type of drink could also give a hint as to whether you would have a richer or poorer life together.
Young people often arranged mock weddings and could choose a midsummer bride and groom, often each with their own floral wreath. It was also not uncommon for girls to tie wreaths to the boys to show that they were a couple.
A de facto national day in Sweden
In Sweden, the National Day celebration on June 6, commemorating the coronation of Gustav Vasa in 1523, has traditionally not been as big a holiday as National Day is in many other countries. One of several explanations for this, in addition to the long period of peace in Sweden, is probably that the nearby Midsummer celebration has de facto been the really big and obvious holiday alongside the more quiet Christmas.
That said, we would like to wish all readers a glad midsommar!
Would we feel better if we broadened our view of death? Can we live a richer life of higher presence by seeing death in a more natural way – without fear?
Could it be that we actually lack fundamental knowledge of life? Birth, life and death are life processes that everyone goes through. But although these being common to everyone, our attitudes towards these processes can differ considerably. Man’s view on life and death is influenced by both upbringing, cultural environment, acquired life knowledge, individuality and level of development. His attitude towards death becomes particularly apparent when faced with difficult situations. When death is perceived by man as the definitive end of existence, it naturally becomes something to fear. Faced with imminent danger and without understanding of the nature of death, he seeks to avoid it at all costs. But can the price be too high? These are subjects for individual reflection.
The preservation of the physical form of life is what is valued most by most people, indicating that something noble is developing. It is in physical life that we learn to love and care for each other. This nobility needs to be achieved before trust in life, discernment, and true common sense can awaken, and we with higher mental consciousness and with increased knowledge of human evolution can look upon life from a higher perspective. If the higher emotional qualities of the heart were not developed first, man would be in danger of becoming of a cold and inhuman nature, inclined to go astray in life.
Good qualities such as compassion and humility grow more easily under difficult circumstances, which often give rise to reflection on held values. By man being placed in crisis situations and by learning to handle them, that “’prepares the ground” within them and enables the development of consciousness.
Common crises in a society have the potential to raise collective consciousness. The processed life experiences offer a more fertile soil for the seeds of knowledge sown in the human kingdom by individuals of higher natural kingdoms. The normally slow development of consciousness is accelerated when we take advantage of the opportunities given to us during the course of life and when we reflect on and process our experiences. An open and inquiring attitude prevents emotional illusions and mental fictions from crystallizing in our thinking. An important step is taken when man begins to seek understanding of the higher meaning of life. This enables an incipient understanding of the path of human development and a changed approach to both life and death.
The Western illusion of only-one-life
Of all the human inhabitants of the earth, a majority seem to have the insight that this earthly life is only one of countless others. It is in the more secularized societies of the Western world that this knowledge has been ignored in favor of material development, with the exception of the great thinkers of the ages, who have realized the fact of reincarnation.
To be born and to die are to the individual like activity and rest, both equally necessary from the point of view of the real self. We go into and out of incarnation, again and again, with widely varying periods of rest. It is only the lowest of our envelopes, the physical organism, which we leave behind us on earth. Existence continues, and just as real as we perceive our ordinary life, existence is perceived after so-called death. The real sacrifice or “death” from the point of view of the self is being born into the physical world – with all its limitations. Yet it is in the physical world that we have to make the life experiences that take us forward on the path of evolution.
Physical death comes to us all sooner or later. When the organism is too decayed and diseased, one thing or another will cause the withdrawal of the inner man, what may be called natural death. This is inevitable, and from the point of view of the real self something necessary and good. A physical instrument that can no longer serve its function must be released from man’s grasp, and the self thus liberated for higher existence. Man’s fear of losing loved ones may of course be great, because in our ignorance we believe that we really lose them, and in physical form this is of course true. But the truth is that we have met and loved each other in so many shapes that we should be grateful that the memories of our partings in the past are beyond our reach. Despite this, earthly love can naturally give rise to great sorrow and loss when a loved one dies, but with the insights we have the opportunity to attain through higher knowledge of life we can evade being perished by sorrow. We meet again, and the bonds are strengthened. Death is nothing to fear but is a liberating transition and joy as we move on to finer worlds of existence.
Many have testified to the experiences they have had during so-called near-death experiences – NDEs – which, however, merely show the first stop after death – the only one from which man can return. Much more remains for the self to experience in these higher worlds as it gradually emancipates itself from the emotional envelope and later the mental envelope, that enabled its emotional and thought life during incarnation.
Photo: Pixabay
Consequences of denial
In modern society, new technology in healthcare has multiplied the capacity to save human lives, for better or for worse. The goal of prolonging and saving life at all costs may be laudable and right, but this is not always the case. When the eventual consequences of alleged preventive and life-sustaining measures are not taken into account, these can have even more serious consequences for the individual. Sometimes life-sustaining measures prolong the life of an organism that no longer serves its purpose and where the higher self is just waiting for an appropriate way to pass. If we could see this from a higher perspective, we might smile indulgently at people’s persistent attempts to “save lives”. Many times these efforts do more harm than good.
If, in difficult and life-threatening conditions, where the possibility of recovery is excluded, we could instead accept our condition as a preparation for transition, trusting that the incarnation is coming to an end, we could instead choose to die safely at home in a calm and familiar environment. With our loved ones gathered, this can become a peaceful and beautiful transition, a fine farewell, while still having the possibility of assistance from palliative care if needed.
In addition to the limitation of the physical organism in terms of lifespan, the law of reaping also has its effect, not only individually but also collectively. That people are “taken out of incarnation” is no coincidence but always has a cause, even if it may be distant and impossible for us to understand. The death of a loved one also has a significant impact on the development of relatives, which from a higher perspective and under certain circumstances could be seen as an act of sacrifice. In addition, each individual always has a life debt account that is relieved by what can be perceived as “premature” death, as may be the case in accidental or tragic circumstances. Regardless of the reasons, incomprehensible to us, we must never hesitate to provide the care our fellow human beings need. This care is not only pure humanity but also the good reaping of others, a compensation for old debts and good sowing through a new causal act. The long-term perspective is always a reality even if it is exceedingly rarely taken into account. An emerging understanding of the law of cause and effect inevitably leads to greater humility about life.
Photo: Pixabay
From the higher perspective
The larger perspectives include humanity as a collective, the rise and fall of civilizations, the development of consciousness of beings and the evolution of the planet, all of which are subject to higher laws. From the higher perspective, incarnation is a necessity for growth through life experiences, lessons and insights, which can only be gained in the physical world. When the purpose of the individual incarnation has been achieved (something we are not able to fully understand), no more opportunities for instructive experiences can be offered or the human organism has been rendered unserviceable, Augoeides, man´s guardian angel, calls man out of incarnation for continued existence in finer material worlds. Augoeides provides man with a causal envelope during the passage through the human kingdom. All this is a completely natural process according to knowledge conveyed to humanity from individuals of higher kingdoms.
All these repeated incarnations serve to develop twelve essential qualities in man, the attainment of which is necessary for the next stage of evolution, his transition to the fifth kingdom of nature. These fundamental qualities for man are trust in life, trust in self, obedience to law, uprightness, impersonality, will to sacrifice, faithfulness, reticence, joy in life, purposefulness, wisdom and unity. All of these contain many related qualities. This next kingdom of nature – the essential world or the world of unity – exists in finer matter than the physical, and there everything that is not unity, love and wisdom must be overcome once and for all. Until then, the common goal in the kingdom of man is to achieve unity and brotherhood, reflected in a community building of an entirely new quality. Then humanity can, through its radiance of light, love and power, fulfill its true role and be a blessing to the lower kingdoms of nature.
In our time, this knowledge of reality is presented through the hylozoic mental system, conveyed anew by the Swedish esoteric philosopher Henry T. Laurency (1882-1971) and especially adapted for Western minds.
Frederick Forsyth, the author behind timeless classics such as The Day of the Jackal and The Dogs of War, has passed away at the age of 86 after a short illness. He died on June 9 at his home in Jordans, Buckinghamshire, surrounded by his family.
Frederick Forsyth began his professional career as a pilot in the Royal Air Force, then became a foreign correspondent for Reuters and the BBC, and during the Cold War was an informal asset to MI6 during conflicts such as the Biafran War.
These life experiences laid the foundation for his journalistic and fact-based narrative style. He went on to become one of the greatest thriller writers of modern times.
His debut novel, The Day of the Jackal (1971), was written in just 35 days when Forsyth was under financial pressure. The book was a huge success thanks to its realistic portrayal of a professional assassin hired to kill the then French president Charles De Gaulle.
– The point was not whodunit, but how, and how close would he get?[to de Gaulle].
Among his most notable works are The Odessa File (1972), The Dogs of War (1974), and The Fourth Protocol (1984).
Frederick Forsyth’s writing was characterized by a fact-based and documentary style, where the complexity of reality always took center stage.
Very sad to report the passing of award winning novelist Frederick Forsyth. His books have sold more than 80 million copies worldwide and have been adapted into spy movies like The Day Of The Jackal, The Odessa File and The Fourth Protocol.
— SpyHards – A Spy Movie Podcast (@SpyHards) June 9, 2025
Successful films and a title of nobility
During his career spanning more than fifty years, Forsyth wrote over 25 books, which together sold over 75 million copies worldwide.
Many of these were successful film adaptations – from The Day of the Jackal (1973) and The Dogs of War (1981) to later productions such as The Fourth Protocol (1987).
For his life’s work, he was awarded the title Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1997 and the Diamond Dagger Award, the Crime Writers’ Association’s highest honor, in 2012.
Despite his success, Forsyth remained a low-key, research-driven writer who often emphasized how his own background – from military service to investigative journalism – gave his stories a distinct credibility.
Now the world mourns a true master storyteller – but his stories, as captivating as they are incisive, will live on and inspire generations to come.
Name: Frederick McCarthy Forsyth
Born: August 25, 1938, Ashford, Kent, England
Death: June 9, 2025, Jordans, Buckinghamshire
Occupations: RAF pilot, foreign correspondent, author
Debut novel: The Day of the Jackal (1971)
Other known works:
The Odessa File (1972) - Untitled Odessa
The Dogs of War (1974) - The Dogs of War
The Devil's Alternative (1979) - The Devil's Alternative
The Fourth Protocol (1984) - The Fourth Protocol
The Fist of God (1994) - The Fist of God
The Afghan (2006) - The Afghan
The Cobra (2010) - The Cobra
The Kill List (2013) - The Kill List
The Fox (2018) - The Fox
Awards:
- Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), 1997
- Diamond Dagger, Crime Writers' Association, 2012
Style: Documentary, research-driven and fact-based thriller
Books sold: Over 75 million copies worldwide
Film adaptations: The Day of the Jackal (1973), The Odessa File (1974), The Dogs of War (1981), The Fourth Protocol (1987) – and more
Eighty years after the Moomins first saw the light of day, Tove Jansson’s book is being given a new lease of life in the gaming world. Winter’s Warmth is based on Troll’s Winter – a story about loneliness, maturity, and liberation, both for the Moomins and their creator.
Troll’s Winter, the sixth book about the Moomins, is often considered one of Tove Jansson’s most personal works. It revolves around Moomintroll, who wakes up during winter hibernation and sets out alone into the winter landscape. There he discovers himself and matures on a personal level. The author wrote the book during a turbulent time in her life, when she decided to go against her family’s values and move in with her female partner.
– For the first time, she took the plunge and started living with another woman. She freed herself from her family and became an adult. After this, her stories became deeper and more philosophical, dealing more with existential questions, her niece Sophia, who manages her aunt’s artistic legacy, told Norwegian state broadcaster NRK.
Winter’s Warmth is being developed by Norwegian game developer Hyper Games. Like the book, the game is characterized by strong emotions and loneliness.
– The book isn’t afraid to tackle themes such as loneliness, death, and isolation, and neither should the game, says CEO Are Sundnes.
“Continuing the traumatization”
Furthermore, they want to incorporate the more frightening elements that Jansson also includes in her books. Sundnes points to The Groke (Swedish: Mårran, Finnish: Mörkö), for example, who he believes has “traumatized four or five generations of Scandinavians”.
– And we are continuing that traumatization through the games, he says, continuing:
– I think it’s nice if we can stir up some emotions. I don’t think you should be afraid of people getting sad or scared. It’s part of the gaming medium to cover emotions.
The game will be released next year and will initially be available for PC. It will also be released on consoles, but it is unclear which ones. The game developer also released a Moomin game in 2024 called Snufkin: Melody of Moominvalley, which is available on PC and Switch.
