Monday, August 4, 2025

Polaris of Enlightenment

Elephant uses hose for shower – surprises researchers

Published 21 January 2025
– By Editorial Staff
3 minute read

Mary the elephant at Berlin Zoo has not only learned to shower all by herself. Her advanced showering technique using a water hose has surprised scientists studying Mary’s behavior.

Jane Goodall, who lived with chimpanzees for 25 years, was among the first scientists to notice that animals can use tools. She observed a chimpanzee named David using a blade of grass to fish termites out of a termite mound. Since then, scientists have discovered that many more animals, such as dolphins, crows and other primates, also use tools in different ways.

A study published in Current Biology reports that German researchers have discovered a new form of tool use in animals. The study focused in particular on the elephants at Berlin Zoo, where the Asian elephant Mary has developed a technique to shower completely on her own, without the help of keepers.

Lena Kaufmann, a PhD student and one of the study’s authors, discovered Mary’s showering behavior during the keepers’ morning rounds, when they rinsed off the elephants with a hose. When they reached Mary, they gave her the hose, and she began to rinse herself off. According to the keepers, she also learned this on her own.

Different showering techniques

Mary used different techniques to rinse her whole body by gripping the hose in different ways. To rinse off her back, she held the hose further from the end and swung it like a lasso behind her head.

– Mary is so superb at showering, Michael Brecht, a neuroscientist at Humboldt University in Berlin and one of the authors of the article, notes to The New York Times.

According to Kaufmann, a hose is “very complex” for an animal, but speculates that an elephant might have “a somewhat intuitive understanding for a hose, because it’s super similar to the trunk”.

Mary wasn’t the only elephant at the zoo to use the hose, either. The younger elephant Anchali had also developed techniques to use it, but instead of showering herself, she seemed to use it mainly to interfere with Mary’s showers.

Possible sabotage

Anchali developed two different techniques to interrupt the flow of water to Mary’s shower hose. One was to bend the hose to stop the flow, and the other was to use her trunk to push the hose down so that the water stopped flowing. The significance of the behavior was hotly debated in the lab, according to Dr. Brecht.

The younger elephant’s behavior occurred shortly after Mary had begun to show aggression toward her, leading the researchers to speculate that it might be a form of revenge.

To test the hypothesis, the researchers gave Anchali access to two tubes, hoping that she would prefer to bend the tube that Mary used instead of choosing at random. However, Anchali tended to clamp the hose that was closest. The researchers were reluctant to draw definitive conclusions and suggested that the behavior could also be a way for Anchali to get attention while the researchers’ focus was very much on Mary.

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Protect yourself from horseflies this summer

Published 29 July 2025
– By Editorial Staff
Horsefly: Tiny body, big summer nuisance
2 minute read

Bites from horseflies can both hurt and cause allergic reactions. Here’s what you can do to avoid being bitten.

In the Nordic countries, parts of the summer have offered warm and humid weather, which means a delight for the summer pest horsefly to thrive in. Summer is not yet over and neither is the risk of being bitten by a horsefly.

Horseflies, also called clegs, don’t bite by stinging like mosquitoes, but cut open the skin with their mouthparts, which makes the bites more painful. Only females suck blood, which they need to develop their eggs. Males, however, are harmless and feed on nectar and pollen, making them pollinators.

The summer pest often stays near water, in pastures or by stables and mainly during daytime when the sun is shining.

Treat bites

Bites can cause symptoms such as swelling, itching and even allergic reactions. Often it’s not a major danger, but more an irritating element after a day at the beach. However, if you want to be on the safe side, you can clean the bite. If you’re very bothered by the bite, you can relieve it by dabbing with an aloe vera product or applying a local anesthetic ointment. For severe reactions, it can also be good to take antihistamines.

Don’t look like a flower

To avoid being bitten by horseflies, it can be advantageous to neither smell like nor look like a flower, writes Land.se (a Swedish agricultural publication). That is, avoid both colorful clothes and perfume. If you see a horsefly swarm, it’s best to be still and quiet, so maybe it will pass by. Horseflies are also attracted to sweat, something that’s harder to avoid in the heat. Mosquito repellent can to some extent help against being bitten.

Food also attracts horseflies, so you can for example cover the food before eating if dinner is to be consumed outdoors.

Don’t panic

If you happen to end up in a swarm of horseflies, it’s best not to panic. Keep your mouth closed, otherwise there’s a risk of being bitten in the mouth, and it can also be good to close your eyes – but a tip is to take in the surroundings first so you don’t stumble into a tree.

Then you should move slowly away from the swarm, with your arms as still as possible.

Think about your clothes

Avoid loose-fitting clothes since the horsefly can accidentally get caught between the fabric and body, which of course risks bites. Going barefoot should also be avoided. Preferably you should have full-coverage clothing if you want to be more certain not to be bitten, which also means having something on your feet – barefoot in the grass is therefore not a good idea.

It’s better to dress light and matte, than dark and shiny. Especially black and blue are colors that horseflies are attracted to.

Fact: Horse flies

Horse flies are large, blood-sucking flies that belong to the family Tabanidae and are found throughout Sweden, particularly during warm summer months. The country has around 45 species distributed across several genera.

This summer pest is recognizable by its robust body structure, large eyes and patterned or spotted wings. Body length varies between 6 and 25 millimeters depending on species.

Among the most common species in Sweden are the deer fly (Chrysops relictus), which is silent and fast, the notch-horned cleg fly (Haematopota pluvialis), which thrives in the northern parts of the country, and the pale giant horse-fly (Tabanus bovinus), one of the largest and most aggressive.

Give thirsty bees a lifesaving gift: Water in the summer heat

Published 28 July 2025
– By Editorial Staff
Bin needs water to cope with its daily and important work tasks.
2 minute read

Hot and dry days make water a precious resource – not just for us, but also for our important pollinators. Offering bees a safe water source in the garden can make a big difference for their survival and wellbeing.

Summer sun and dry weather don’t just make people long for cooling drinks – the important pollinators, bees and bumblebees, also need access to fresh water to survive and thrive.

Offering bumblebees and bees a reliable water source in the garden or on the balcony is a simple but meaningful way to support nature’s heroes.

Bees are incredible little workers that pollinate large portions of crops and wild plants. But during hot and dry periods, water can become a scarce resource for the small pollinators. That’s when they seek out gardens, parks and balconies in search of quenching their thirst.

So how can garden lovers or nature enthusiasts help? Land.se (a Swedish gardening website) lists five simple and natural ways to give bees and bumblebees access to water:

  • Set out a dish
    Place a shallow bowl with water in a protected location and fill it with small stones, bark pieces or corks that bees can land on. The little bath gives bees a safe landing spot so they can drink without risking drowning.
  • Moss
    Bees are instinctively programmed to look for still water, since running water poses a drowning risk. That’s exactly why they’re drawn to slightly dirtier and earthier water sources – wet moss can quickly become a real favorite to drink from.
  • Water tap
    If you have a tap on your rainwater barrel, it’s easily arranged. Place a plank at an angle under the tap and let the water drip slowly. This becomes an easily accessible place for bees to drink from.
  • Don’t forget to water
    Without water, flowers stop producing nectar for bees and bumblebees. If you have, for example, a strawberry patch full of flowers but no pollinators in sight, the reason might be that it’s too dry. Water – but avoid overdoing it since too much water makes the nectar watery and less appealing.
  • Open bar
    A container filled with stones and sticks quickly becomes a popular watering hole for thirsty bees. It also works fine to take a few handfuls of bark and sticks to float on the surface in a water barrel.

Helping bees with water is a small gesture with great significance for the ecosystem. Our bumblebees, honey bees and solitary bees contribute to the diversity that gives us fruits, vegetables and beautiful flower meadows.

By offering clean and safe water, we can give them a much-needed break – a thirst-quenching oasis – in the middle of the summer heat. So bring out a bowl, some stone pieces and let the garden’s bees feel welcome.

Recycled plastic may cause hormonal disruptions

Published 24 July 2025
– By Editorial Staff
Recycled plastic pellets from polyethylene can be used to manufacture products such as water bottles.
3 minute read

Recycled plastic leaches chemicals that can affect hormones and metabolism in zebrafish larvae, according to research from Sweden and Germany. A single plastic pellet made from recycled plastic could contain more than 80 chemicals.

Plastic pollution worldwide poses a significant threat to both human health and the environment. Recycling plastic has been seen as part of the solution, but since plastic contains thousands of chemical additives and other substances that can be toxic, and these are almost never declared, dangerous chemicals can end up in recycled products.

To investigate this further, researchers from the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, purchased plastic pellets recycled from polyethylene plastic from different parts of the world. Polyethylene, abbreviated as PE, is a type of plastic used in numerous products such as plastic bags, bottle caps, pipes, ropes, toys, and household items. These types of plastic pellets are used to manufacture products like plastic bags or hard plastic water bottles.

Altered hormones

The researchers let the plastic pellets sit in water for 48 hours. After this, they exposed zebrafish larvae to the water for five days. There, the researchers discovered that gene expression in the larvae changed in genes linked to fat metabolism and hormone regulation.

These short leaching and exposure times are yet another indicator of the risks that chemicals in plastic pose to living organisms. The effects we recorded show that plastic in nature has the potential to alter fish physiology and health, says Azora König Kardgar, lead author and researcher in ecotoxicology at the University of Gothenburg, in a press release.

Furthermore, researchers conducted a chemical analysis of the chemicals that leached from the plastic pellets into water. They discovered a variety of different chemical compounds, but these differed between different pellet samples. However, a single pellet could contain over 80 different chemicals.

We identified common plastic chemicals, including UV stabilizers and plasticizers, as well as chemicals not used in plastic manufacturing, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and biocides. These may have contaminated the plastic during its first use phase, before it becomes waste to be recycled. This is further evidence of the complexity of plastic waste flows and the toxic chemicals that contaminate recycled plastic, says Eric Carmona, researcher at the Department of Exposure Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research in Leipzig, Germany.

Recycled plastic not safe

Previous research has also shown that exposure to toxic chemicals in plastic has similar effects on humans as on zebrafish larvae. Certain chemicals used in plastic are known to disrupt hormones, which in turn can have negative effects on fertility and children’s development, as well as having links to certain forms of cancer and metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes. The researchers therefore point out that this is among the biggest obstacles with recycled plastic – that you simply never know for certain which chemicals will end up in an object manufactured from this plastic.

Finally, the researchers conclude that plastic is not recycled in a safe and sustainable way unless dangerous chemicals are addressed.

Our study clearly shows the need to address toxic chemicals in plastic materials and plastic products throughout their entire lifecycle. We cannot produce and use recycled plastic safely if we cannot trace chemicals through the entire production, use, and waste phase, says Professor Bethanie Carney Almroth.

Invasive Asian hornet threatens Nordic honeybees

Published 15 July 2025
– By Editorial Staff
European honey bee on the right, Asian hornet on the left.
2 minute read

The Asian hornet has now been observed in Denmark. There are concerns that European honeybees are increasingly threatened, including in the Nordic region.

The Asian hornet, scientifically known as Vespa velutina nigrithorax, belongs to the hornet family and occurs naturally in Asia. It is suspected to have first arrived in Europe with a shipment of pottery from China to France in 2004, and has since rapidly spread to Spain, Switzerland and Germany.

Observed in Denmark

The species has now been observed on the island of Funen in Denmark, and the spread is considered a serious threat to the beekeeping industry, says Astrid Bjerke Lund, communications manager at Norges Birøkterlag (Norway’s Beekeepers’ Association) to the Norwegian state broadcaster NRK.

This worries us. It’s a threat to our honeybees and therefore also to fruit and vegetable production, says Bjerke Lund.

The East Asian honeybee has the habit of forming a ball around invading Vespa velutina individuals and heating them to death, but the European honeybee has not learned this defense method. In Europe, the Asian hornet is perceived as so frightening that European bees don’t dare to fly in the same way as usual.

If the honeybee cannot get out to collect nectar and pollen, they will not survive. That’s why it’s very serious if the Asian hornet comes to Norway, continues Bjerke Lund.

Swedish Board of Agriculture also warns

The Swedish Board of Agriculture (Jordbruksverket) does not rule out that it could become a threat to southern Sweden as well, both to honeybees through predation, and to the European hornet through food competition.

The Asian hornet is somewhat smaller than the European hornet and is dark on the abdomen, except for a yellow band at the rear, while the European hornet has red markings on the abdomen. Additionally, it is known for having yellow legs.

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