Sunday, August 24, 2025

Polaris of Enlightenment

Finnish supercomputer gets quantum upgrade

Published 10 October 2024
– By Ivana Bratovanova
The names "LUMI" and "HELMI" mean "snow" and "pearl" in Finnish.
2 minute read

LUMI, Europe’s fastest and the world’s fifth fastest supercomputer, has been integratated with the HELMI quantum computer.

The resulting hybrid system is, according to LUMI Director Pekka Manninen, “the most powerful quantum-enabled supercomputing infrastructure in the world”.

Located in Kajaani, Finland, LUMI is renowned for its immense computational power, equivalent to approximately 1.5 million laptops. Now, the VTT Technical Research Centre has connected LUMI to the HELMI 5-qubit quantum computer, creating a hybrid computational architecture with enhanced capabilities and research potential.

“We see great potential in quantum computing for accelerating innovation for the benefit of companies and the whole society”, says Pekka Pursula, Research Manager at VTT.

The integration of LUMI and HELMI combines the processing power of classical supercomputing with the advanced capabilities of quantum computing. In this hybrid system, classical computing manages large-scale data processing, while HELMI tackles optimization challenges. This combination boosts efficiency and enables breakthroughs in fields like science, environmental modeling, logistics, and finance.

According to Pekka Manninen, Director of the LUMI Leadership Computing Facility at CSC – IT Center for Science, the upgrade makes it “the most powerful quantum-enabled supercomputing infrastructure in the world”.

LUMI’s hybrid architecture is already supporting a wide array of critical research projects. For instance, it is aiding in the prediction of global weather patterns, advancing artificial intelligence research, and supporting drug discovery. Earlier this year, researchers at the University of Salerno used LUMI to analyze thousands of potential drug candidates, improving the efficiency of the drug development process.

The hybrid supercomputer is also proving useful in the study of space phenomena. Aalto University researcher Maarit Korpi-Lagg uses LUMI to study solar magnetism and its impact on solar activity. Her research involves numerical simulations to predict future solar behavior, helping society better understand the effects of solar storms.

Given the high energy demands of such advanced infrastructures, LUMI’s location in central Finland was chosen for its access to low-cost hydroelectric power and naturally cold climate. The system also recycles its heat output to warm nearby buildings, reducing energy costs and emissions.

“Quantum computers are in many respects strange and unfamiliar, and it will be exciting to see how our customers end up using them”, comments Mikael Johansson, Quantum Technologies Manager at CSC, IT Center for Science in Espoo.

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New mini-moon discovered orbiting Uranus

Published 21 August 2025
– By Editorial Staff
Uranus captured in 2023 by the James Webb Space Telescope. Illustration of some of Uranus' moons as well as the new one.
1 minute read

NASA has discovered a new mini-moon orbiting the planet Uranus. The moon is only 10 kilometers wide.

The new moon was discovered in February using the James Webb Space Telescope. Researchers believe the moon previously went unnoticed due to its small size and faint brightness – so much so that even the Voyager 2 spacecraft missed it when it passed by Uranus 40 years ago.

This becomes the 29th moon discovered around Uranus, and it’s not the first time a smaller moon has been found. About half of the planet’s moons are small, which is unusual for a planet.

No other planet has as many small inner moons as Uranus, and their complex inter-relationships with the rings hint at a chaotic history that blurs the boundary between a ring system and a system of moons, says Matthew Tiscareno from the SETI Institute in Mountain View, California, who is part of NASA’s research team and continues:

Moreover, the new moon is smaller and much fainter than the smallest of the previously known inner moons, making it likely that even more complexity remains to be discovered.

May receive name from Shakespeare

The moon has not yet been given a name, but all other moons are named after characters from Shakespeare and Alexander Pope, such as Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania and Oberon.

Before it can receive an official name, the discovery must be approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), which is the leading authority for assigning official names and designations to astronomical objects.

Finland: Should children be forced to take care of their aging parents?

Welfare collapse

Published 20 August 2025
– By Editorial Staff
Critics note that many elderly people have no family or close relatives who can help them.
4 minute read

An explosive debate has erupted about the future of elderly care in Finland, where pension company CEO Risto Murto argues that society will soon no longer be able to afford caring for elderly citizens – and that responsibility must therefore be transferred to families.

Several politicians reject the proposal, however, arguing that it is the welfare state’s duty to care for its aging population in a dignified manner.

With the number of elderly Finns expected to increase from 600,000 to 900,000 people in just fifteen years, the country faces a demographic time bomb. Now Risto Murto, CEO of the occupational pension company Varma, has caused major controversy by declaring that Finland will not be able to afford today’s public elderly care in the future.

His solution? That adult children instead take over responsibility for their aging parents.

The statement has prompted several Finnish politicians to protest, and members of parliament in the Social Affairs and Health Committee clearly oppose the proposal, reports Svenska Yle.

— We shouldn’t go in that direction, says Henrik Wickström from the Swedish People’s Party (a Finnish political party representing the Swedish-speaking minority) firmly.

— We must find other solutions, argues Maaret Castrén from the National Coalition Party.

Number of elderly increasing rapidly

The demographic development that worries Risto Murto is brutal in its simplicity: Fewer and fewer children are being born while the number of elderly is increasing rapidly. From today’s just over 600,000 people over 75 years old, the figure is calculated to rise to approximately 900,000 in fifteen years.

But for MP Henrik Wickström, elderly care is non-negotiable.

— The major challenge is the shortage of nursing homes. We haven’t managed to develop services at the pace that the population is aging, says Wickström, pointing out that elderly care is a fundamental responsibility of the welfare society.

Maaret Castrén is even sharper in her criticism:

— Future elderly care cannot depend on families taking care of their elderly. That cannot be something we work toward.

“Not all elderly have children”

The Center Party’s Hanna-Leena Mattila acknowledges that the statement is understandable given the state’s strained finances, but points to fundamental problems with the proposal.

— Not all elderly have children, so how can we guarantee that everyone is treated equally if responsibility is placed on the family? she asks rhetorically.

Research doctor Sarah Åkerman at Åbo Akademi University (a Finnish university) warns of the consequences of romanticizing the image of family caregiving.

— It’s often demanding and involves much more than socializing over a cup of coffee, says Åkerman.

She also points out that relatives already carry a heavy burden in Finland, despite generous elderly care.

— Relatives already do a lot, and it’s not obvious that adult children can take on even more responsibility.

Critics point to several serious consequences if family responsibility were to increase. Many Finns live alone and lack children. Those who have children of working age would be forced to reduce their working hours, threatening employment rates.

The risk of increased inequality is also said to be great. Some can afford to buy private help, while others are forced to sacrifice their careers.

— When my mother became ill this spring, my retired sister could help the most. The rest of us in the family are still working and couldn’t help as much, relates Maaret Castrén.

Sarah Åkerman emphasizes the problem further:

— Being someone’s child doesn’t automatically make you a caregiver.

It becomes particularly difficult when dealing with dementia or other complicated care that requires education and professional competence that children typically lack.

“Heartbreaking when elderly feel like a burden”

Despite the resistance, politicians acknowledge that something must be done. If the state’s economy continues to deteriorate, the model where families take greater responsibility could become reality, according to Risto Murto.

But alternative solutions exist. Maaret Castrén highlights community housing and home healthcare as cost-effective models. Henrik Wickström places his hope in digital technology and preventive measures. Hanna-Leena Mattila proposes a form of “elderly care leave”, similar to parental leave, for those who need to care for an aging parent.

But for Mattila, the issue is about more than economics. She tells of her meetings with elderly people who are worried that society sees them as a burden.

— It’s heartbreaking when elderly feel like a burden to society. We as decision-makers in social and healthcare have much to work on so that elderly care is sustainable and everyone can age safely in the future. The only solution cannot be to place more responsibility on adult children, says Hanna-Leena Mattila.

Comet from another solar system approaches Earth

Published 12 August 2025
– By Editorial Staff
The comet has not yet developed a tail, but has a "teardrop-shaped cocoon of dust".
2 minute read

A rare comet is approaching our solar system – but it will pass at a safe distance. In September, it may become visible to amateur telescopes.

The comet was discovered on July 1 this year by the Atlas telescope in Chile and was given the name 3I/Atlas. It is the third interstellar object ever observed passing through our solar system – hence the number three in its name. The two previous objects are 1I/’Oumuamua, discovered in 2017, and 2I/Borisov, discovered in 2019. The letter “I” stands for interstellar.

When NASA photographed the comet with the Hubble telescope on July 21, it was located approximately 447 million kilometers from Earth. Although it had not yet developed a typical tail, observers could see that the process was underway.

“Hubble shows that the comet has a teardrop-shaped cocoon of dust coming off its solid, icy nucleus. Because Hubble was tracking the comet moving along a hyperbolic trajectory, the stationary background stars are streaked in the exposure”, writes NASA.

Unknown origin

The comet is currently traveling through space at a speed of approximately 210,000 kilometers per hour. It will pass closer to Mars than to Earth, but at a safe distance from both planets and therefore poses no threat. Astronomers initially estimated that the icy nucleus was several kilometers in diameter, but Hubble’s observations have refined the estimate to at most 5.6 kilometers – possibly as small as 320 meters.

3I/Atlas is expected to become visible even to amateur telescopes in September, according to CBS News. It will pass closest to the sun in October, but will not be visible from Earth at that time. In early December, it is expected to reappear on the other side of the sun, enabling new observations.

Which solar system the comet originates from is still unknown. As it approaches the sun, it will melt more and release gases that telescopes can analyze – gases that may provide clues about the comet’s origin.

Women’s pelvises becoming narrower

Published 4 August 2025
– By Editorial Staff
Midwives and cesarean sections may have played a role in evolutionary change, researchers suggest.
3 minute read

Over the past century, women’s pelvises have shrunk, according to a study that examined women in three different countries. Researchers see possible explanations in evolutionary development, where increased use of midwives and cesarean sections may have played a role.

In the study, researchers examined a total of 8,866 women in Australia, Poland and Mexico between 1880 and 1980. Researchers from the University of Łódź in Poland and the University of Adelaide in Australia looked at women’s bodies and how these have changed during that time period.

During this century-long period, they found that women’s pelvises in all three countries had shrunk by an average of 4.5 centimeters. At the same time, women’s height had increased by an average of 10 centimeters. Shoulder width had not changed noticeably.

The study is still a so-called preprint, which means it has not yet been reviewed by other researchers, but it nevertheless generates great interest.

The dataset is fantastic, says researcher Lia Betti at University College London to The New Scientist.

More difficult deliveries

With narrower pelvises, vaginal deliveries can become more complicated, while it can also reduce women’s risk of pelvic floor problems after delivery. In all three countries, approximately 40 percent of all births are assisted, meaning cesarean sections, forceps or vacuum extraction are used during deliveries.

The researchers believe that a reduced pelvis may partly be an evolutionary development since pelvic width is hereditary. Previously, birth canals that were too narrow could be life-threatening for both mother and child. But today, many difficult deliveries are resolved surgically or in other ways. In this way, genetic variants are passed on that previously could have led to fatal complications for mother and child. It is also more advantageous for humans to have smaller pelvises to more easily walk on two legs, but at the same time it becomes a dilemma since humans give birth to children with very large heads compared to other species.

Researcher Philipp Mitteroecker at the University of Vienna in Austria has studied women’s pelvises in a 2024 study, which also points out that narrower pelvises for women have more advantages than just being able to walk more easily on two legs. If the pelvis is wider, the load becomes greater and the pressure on the pelvic floor increases. The risk of urinary incontinence and what is called prolapse therefore becomes greater.

The unique midwife

Mitteroecker also points to the development of midwives, that is, the unique aspect that women for hundreds of thousands of years have received help from others during delivery. This may also have contributed to weakening the natural evolutionary pressure to give women wider pelvises.

C-section is, in a way, an extreme form of that, Mitteroecker tells The New Scientist.

At the same time, Betti is skeptical that assisted deliveries and especially cesarean sections – as well as heredity and evolution – alone can explain the increasing narrowing of women’s pelvises. She points out that humans have also become significantly taller during the same period. But this increased height is probably largely due to better nutrition – not genetic changes.

When nutrition is scarce, our developing bodies tend to allocate more nutrients to certain organs, including the brain, at the expense of others. But now we have ample nutrition, so our bodies may have reallocated nutrients. So we end up with different body proportions, she says.

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