Cow’s milk contains more protein and essential amino acids compared to plant-based alternatives, according to a Danish study. Cow’s milk also has a lower sugar content.

In the study, published in Food Research International, researchers from the University of Copenhagen analyzed two types of cow’s milk and ten types of different plant-based beverages as alternatives to regular milk. The plant-based drinks included six oat drinks, one soy drink, one rice drink, one almond drink and one drink made from a mixture of soy, rice, almonds and oats.

All the drinks in the study had undergone an ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment, where the product is heated enough to kill all bacteria. This method allows the products to be stored unopened at room temperature. However, cow’s milk often undergoes low pasteurization, where it is heated at lower temperatures. As plant-based beverages are usually treated with UHT, the researchers chose to compare products with the same type of heat treatment.

More protein

The cow’s milk tested contained 3.4 grams of protein per liter, while eight of the 10 plant-based drinks examined contained only between 0.4 and 1.1 grams of protein per liter.

All plant-based drinks also had a lower content of essential amino acids compared to cow’s milk. In addition, seven out of ten plant-based drinks contained more sugar than cow’s milk.

– Overall, plant-based drinks contain significantly less protein and some of them also contain more sugar than cow’s milk, Marianne Nissen Lund, professor at the Department of Food Science and lead author of the study, told Danish state broadcaster DR.

When foods containing protein and sugar are exposed to heat, a chemical reaction called the Maillard reaction or Maillard effect occurs. This is what makes freshly baked bread smell good or adds extra flavor to the surface of a piece of meat, according to the researchers. At the same time, some of the essential amino acids are converted in this process.

– In this way, there is a clear loss of nutrients, says Nissen Lund.

Not a good source of nutrients

Nissen Lund recommends that consumers generally choose less processed products to benefit both the environment and health. However, she stresses that plant-based milk substitutes are not considered unhealthy, but emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet.

– If you make sure you eat a balanced diet, my assessment is that drinking these plant-based drinks is not problematic. Just don’t think it’s a source of good nutrition.