Thursday, March 20, 2025

Polaris of Enlightenment

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Wolf spotted on the outskirts of Stockholm

Published 23 January 2024
– By Editorial Staff
The wolf was caught on camera by long-distance skater Fredrik Hallberg.

On Sunday morning, a wolf was spotted in the central area of Lidingö, on the periphery of Stockholm city, Sweden.

This unusual sighting, witnessed by multiple locals including Fredrik Hallberg, took place on the island’s icy landscape of Lidingö island, an island situated on the north-east periphery of central Stockholm. Hallberg was out skating when he encountered the wolf and was struck by its “majestic” appearance.

– It stands still when we first see it, and then I say: isn’t that a wolf? You don’t really believe your own eyes, so it takes a while before you realize it. You just admire it, it looked majestic. It was very cool to see it at such close range, Hallberg tells Swedish state media SVT.

The approximate path the wolf took during its visit to Stockholm is shown by the teal arrow.

The wolf was observed traveling across the ice from Lidingö to Bogesund, even taking a moment to rest midway. Wildlife warden Peter Rosenholm confirmed the sighting as a wolf.

– It is 100 percent certain that it is a wolf. It was seen in the central parts of Lidingö and then went out on the ice in the northern part of the island. Then it turned northeast towards Bogesundslandet, says Rosenholm.

The appearance of a wolf in such a central and populated part of Lidingö has sparked considerable interest and discussion among the local community.

– It has become a topic of conversation in the area, you hear people mentioning it in the grocery store. It’s kind of fun, says Fredrik Hallberg.

Facts: The Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus)

The wolf is one of Sweden's five large carnivores, along with the bear, wolverine, lynx and man (sometimes the golden eagle is included instead). There are about 510 wolves in Sweden and Norway, of which about 450 are in Sweden. It is a highly endangered and protected species.

The wolf is mainly found in central Sweden, but it can be found sporadically in all regions because it migrates far, except for Gotland.

In a wolf encounter

The wolf will probably stop at a meeting to get an idea, especially if you have a dog with you. Make clear noises and start walking away. If the wolf follows, keep walking, but you can stop and try to "make yourself big", or shout, or take a few steps towards it. Always keep your dog on a leash and do not run.

However, it is rare to encounter wolves as they are usually shy.

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Cougars adapt their circadian rhythm to cope with human presence

Published 7 March 2025
– By Editorial Staff

Cougars actively avoid contact with humans, a US study shows. In areas of high human activity, cougars became more nocturnal, while in remote regions they were more often active during dawn and dusk.

In Los Angeles, mountain lions live in several natural areas that also attract many people to the outdoors. In a study published in the scientific journal Biological Conservation, researchers tracked 22 mountain lions in the Santa Monica Mountains with GPS between 2011 and 2018. The aim was to investigate how cougars’ activity patterns adapt to increased human presence. The study was conducted by the University of California, Davis, Cal Poly Pomona and the National Park Service.

The movement patterns of the cougars were compared to a comprehensive database of human GPS-tracked activities in the area. The results showed that cougars in areas of high human activity adapted by becoming more nocturnal, instead of being active at dawn and dusk, which is their natural activity time.

– The study also continues to drive home the amazing fact that a population of a large felid predator persists in one of the largest urban areas in the world. That would not be possible if mountain lions weren’t able to adjust to human activity in ways like this, said Seth Riley, wildlife division chief at the National Park Service, in a press release.

“Coexistence is happening”

Cougars in areas with less human activity were more active at dawn and dusk, according to the study. In general, females showed greater activity closer to sunrise and during daylight hours compared to males.

– They are flexible in the timing of their activity. Coexistence is happening, and it’s in large part because of what mountain lions are doing, says lead author Ellie Bolas, a doctoral student in the UC Davis Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology.

The researchers emphasize that humans must also contribute to coexistence, both to protect themselves and the cougars. Residents in areas with cougars are urged to exercise caution at night, especially when driving, and to be aware that cougars are often active at dawn and dusk.

Previous studies in Norway have also shown that wolves avoid humans as much as possible, according to a report by Norwegian state broadcaster NRK. In the study, conducted at the University of Innlandet, all wolves that participated fled when humans approached or stayed hidden.

World’s oldest shrub found in Finland

Published 2 March 2025
– By Editorial Staff

Italian scientists have discovered a juniper bush in northern Finland that could be the oldest in the world. It is estimated to be 1,647 years old.

Researchers from the University of Padua discovered a dead juniper bush during a visit to the Kevo Subarctic Research Institute in Utsjoki, Lapland, in 2021. Initial analysis of the annual rings dated the bush to 1,242 years.

A new analysis of the tree rings in 2024 showed that the shrub is 1,647 years old. Scientists estimate that it started growing around 260 AD and died in 1906, but it is possible that it is even older as it is difficult to count all the years accurately.

– Juniper is the most widespread woody species in the world. It is found from sea level to the upper limits of vegetation, from Alaska to Etna, from Japan to Scotland. It is an extremely eclectic species, capable of tolerating scorching temperatures and aridity, such as in sandy dunes, or, conversely, in freezing environments near glaciers. Today, this record is joined by that of being the world’s oldest shrub, said the leader of the research group, Professor Marco Carrer of the University of Padua in a press release.

The shrub is the oldest ever dated by tree rings and the oldest woody plant in Europe determined by this method. Previously, other old junipers have also been found in Finland.

– The oldest juniper and the oldest woody plant in Finland was a 1,070-year-old specimen found in Lemmenjoki before this discovery. The age record of Finnish junipers has now been improved by almost 600 years, says Otso Suominen, Director of the Kevo Subarctic Research Institute.

In addition, four other juniper trees were found in Utsjoki that were over a thousand years old.

Poorer air quality in Finland and Sweden

Published 28 February 2025
– By Editorial Staff

Air quality has deteriorated in some parts of Finland and Sweden in recent days. In Finland, the levels of microparticles are the highest measured in the last ten years.

Next year, the EU will introduce a limit of 50 micrograms of microparticles per cubic meter, which means that the public must be warned if this limit is exceeded. On Monday, a daily average of almost 40 micrograms of microparticles per cubic meter was measured in Finland.

In Sweden, there have been locally high levels in several parts of the country for most of February. Levels have been particularly high on Gotland, and on Wednesday as many as 997.4 microparticles per cubic meter were measured in Visby, according to preliminary figures from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. According to the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute’s (SMHI) air web, however, the levels have fallen during the night, but also showed unhealthy levels on Thursday morning. Gävle also showed high levels in the morning.

Measured pollution in Visby during the morning. Photo: facsimile/SMHIAccording to the Finnish state broadcaster Yle, the deterioration in air quality is due to the introduction of large amounts of microparticles into the air mass from Central and Eastern Europe. It is also reported that it may worsen in the coming days.

Pollution measured during the morning. Photo: facsimile/SMHI

Poor air quality affects people with conditions such as asthma and cardiovascular disease, as well as older people and children, but can also affect healthy people. For example, eyes, nose and throat can be irritated by microparticles in the air. According to Yle, you should stay indoors if you experience symptoms.

Nanoplastics spread to remote mountain peaks

Published 16 February 2025
– By Editorial Staff

Researchers from Norway, among others, have discovered nanoplastics in the snow in the Alps. The particles were found at over 3,100 meters altitude.

Previous studies have detected microplastics in remote locations, including mountainous areas. Therefore, researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany, the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands and NILU in Norway also investigated the presence of nanoplastics plastic particles smaller than 1 micrometer (μm) in high-altitude glaciers.

In the study, published in Scientific Reports, the researchers hired experienced mountaineers to collect snow samples in the Alps. The samples were taken from 14 sites in the French, Italian and Swiss parts of the mountain range, 13 of which were above 3100 meters above sea level.

According to the study, nanoplastics were found at five of the sites examined. Levels ranged from 2 to 80 ng/mL of snow. The most common plastic particles came from car tire wear, but polystyrene and polyethylene were also found.

– Our findings merely show that plastic pollution on a micro- and nano scale may be more widespread than earlier assumed. Due to their minuscule size, these particles have large potential to be transported through the atmosphere over long distances, contributing to global pollution, said NILU researcher Nikolaos Evangeliou in a press release.

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